? ? ? ? 代词是替代名词的一种词类。大大都代词具有名词和描述词的功用。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、本身代词、彼此代词、疑问代词、联络代词和不定代词8种。
一、人称代词是标明、
的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的改变,见下表:?
数 奇数 复数
格 主格 宾格 ? 主格 宾格
第一人称 i me we us
第二人称 you you ? ?you ? you
he ? him ? ?they them
第三人称 she her they them
it it ? ?they them
如:he is my friend. 他是我的兄弟。
its me. 是我。
二、 物主代词标明一切联络的代词,也可叫做代词一切格。物主代词分描述性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人物和数的改变见下表。
数 ? ? ? ? ? ?奇数 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?复数
人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称?
描述词性 my ? ? ? ? ? your ? ? ? his/her ? ? ? ? ? its? ? ? ? ? ? ? our? ? ? ? ?your/their
物主代词
名词性 ? ? mine? ? ? ? ? yours? ? ? ? ?his/hers? ? ? ? ? ?its? ? ? ? ? ? ? ours? ? ? ?yours/theirs
物主代词
如: i like his car.
我喜爱他的小轿车。
our school is here,and theirs is there.
咱们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。
三、 指示代词标明等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。
如: that is a good idea. 那是个好主见。
四、 标明。
如: she was talking to herself. 她喃喃自语。
五、 标明彼此联络的代词叫彼此代词,有each other 和one another两组,但在运用中,这两组词没啥差异。
如: they love each other. 他们彼此相爱。
六、 不是指明替代任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,every等,以及富含some-,any-,no-等的组成代词,如anybody, something,no one。这些不定代词大都可以替代名词和描述词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语, 但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合舶代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。如:
— do you have a car? –你有一辆小轿车吗?
— yes,i have one. –是的,我有一辆。
— i dont know any of them. 他们,我一个也不知道。
七、 疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在语句顶用来构成特别疑问句。疑问代词都可用作联接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)
如:tell me who he is. 告诉我他是谁。
8、 联络代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导从句的相关词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所润饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。
如: he is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那自个。
1、?人称代词的用法?
1)人称代词的主格在语句中作主语或主语补语,例如:
john waited a while but eventually he went home.
约翰等了一会儿,最终他回家了。
john hoped the passenger would be mary and indeed it was she.
约翰期望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。
阐明:在复合句中,假定主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,例如:
when he arrived, john went straight to the bank.
约翰一到就直接去银行了。
2)人称代词的宾格在语句中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省掉句中,还可以作主语,例如:
i saw her with them, at least, i thought it was her.
我看到她和他们在一同,至少我认为是她。(her做宾 语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语)
a. — who broke the vase? –谁打碎了花瓶?
b. — me. –我。(me做主语补语= its me.)
阐明:在上面两例句中,her和me别离作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格,在正式文体中这儿应为she和i。
2、 人称代词之主、宾格的替换?
1) 宾格替代主格
a.在简略对话中,当人称代词单独运用或在not 后,多用宾语。
—- i like english. –我喜爱英语。
—- me too. –我也喜爱。
—- have more wine? –再来点酒喝吗?
—- not me. –我可不要了。
b.在标明比照的非正式的文体中,常用宾格替代主格。 但假定比照状语的谓语保存,则主语只能用主格。
he is taller than i/me.
he is taller than i am.
2) 主格替代宾格
a. 在介词but,except 后,有时可用主格替代宾格。
b. 在电话用语中常用主格。 ?
—- i wish to speak to mary. –我想和玛丽通话。
—- this is she. –我就是玛丽。
留心:在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
i thought it was she. 我认为是她。 (主格—-主格)
i thought it to be her. (宾格—-宾格)
i was taken to be she. 我被当成了她。 (主格—-主格)
they took me to be her. 他们把我当成了她。 (宾格—-宾格)
3、 代词的指代疑问?
1)不定代词 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one, 及whoever和person在正式场合运用时,可用he, his, him替代。
nobody came, did he? 谁也没来,是吗?
2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they替代,有时也用he, she,带有亲热的豪情颜色。
give the cat some food. she is hungry. 给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。
3)指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含豪情颜色常常用she。
4、 并排人称代词的摆放次序?
1) 奇数人称代词并排作主语时,其次序为:
第二人称 ->; 第三人称 ->; 第一人称
you ->; he/she; it ->; i
you, he and i should return on time.
2) 复数人称代词作主语时,其次序为:
第一人称 ->; 第二人称 ->; 第三人称
we ->; you ->; they
留心: 鄙人列情况中,第一人称放在前面。
a. 在招认差错,承担责任时,
it was i and john that made her angry.
是我和约翰惹她生气了。
b. 在老一辈对晚辈,长官对部下说话时,如长官为第一人称, 如:i and you try to finish it.
c. 并排主语只需第一人称和第三人称时,
d. 当其别人称代词或名词被定语从句润饰时。
5、 物主代词?
1)物主代词既有标明所属的作用又有指代作用,例如:
john had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.?
约翰割破了手指,清楚明晰,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。
物主代词有描述词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine, yours等)两种,描述词性的物主代词归于限制词。
名词性的物主代词在用法上恰当于省掉了中心名词的 –s属格规划,例如:
jacks.
his cap 意为 the cap is his.
2) 名词性物主代词的句法功用
a. 作主语,例如:
may i use your pen? yours works better.
我可以用一用你的钢笔吗? 你的比我的好用。
b. 作宾语,例如:
i love my motherland as much as you love yours.
我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国相同深。
c. 作介词宾语,例如:
your should interpret what i said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你应当按我所用的词义去说明我说的话,而不能按你自个的意义去说明。
d. 作主语补语,例如:
the life i have is yours. its yours. 我的生命归于你,归于你,归于你。
6、 两层一切格?
物主代词不可以与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一同前置,润饰一个名词,而有必要用两层一切格。
公式为:
a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如:
a friend of mine.
each brother of his.
7、 反身代词?
1) 列表?
i you you she he?
myself yourself yourselves herself himself
we they it one
ourselves themselves itself oneself
2)做宾语
a. 有些动词需有反身代词
absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
we enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 咱们昨晚玩得很开心。
please help yourself to some fish. 请你随意吃点鱼。
b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词
take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.
i could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那个时分我不能打扮我自个。
注:有些动词后不跟反身代词, get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。
please sit down. 请坐。
3) 作表语; 同位语
be oneself: i am not myself today. 我今日不舒畅。
the thing itself is not important. 作业本身并不重要。
4) 在不偏重的情况下,but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:
no one but myself (me) is hurt.
留心:?
a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错) myself drove the car.
(对) i myself drove the car. 我自个开车。
b. 但在and, or, nor联接的并排主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语。
charles and myself saw it.
5)第二人称作宾语,要用反身代词。
you should be proud of yourself. 你应为自个感到骄傲。
8、 彼此代词?
1)彼此代词只需each other和one another两个词组。他们标明句中动词所叙说的动作或感触在触及的各个目标之间是彼此存在的,例如:
it is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
清楚明晰,不一样文明的人老是彼此学习的。
2) 彼此代词的句法功用:
a. 作动词宾语;
people should love one another. 我们应当彼此相爱。
b. 可作介词宾语;
does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other. 吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。
阐明:传统语法认为,彼此联络存在于两自个或物之间用each other, 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中,两组词替换运用的实例也许多,例如:
he put all the books beside each other.
他把一切书并排摆放起来。
he put all the books beside one another.?
他把一切书并排摆放起来。
usually these small groups were independent of each other.
这些小集体一般是彼此独立的。
c. 彼此代词可加-s构成一切格,例如:
the students borrowed each others notes.
学生们互借笔记。
9、 指示代词?
1) 指示代词分奇数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种方法,既可作限制词又可做代词,例如:
奇数 复数
限制词:this girl is mary. those men are my teachers.
代词: this is mary. those are my teachers.
2) 指示代词的句法功用;
a. 作主语
this is the way to do it.
这事儿就该这样做。
b. 作宾语
i like this better than that.
我喜爱这个甚至那个。
c. 作主语补语
my point is this.
我的观念就是如此。
d. 作介词宾语
i dont say no to that.?
我并未回绝那个。
there is no fear of that.
那并不可以怕。
阐明1:
指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他语句成分时只能指物,不能指人,例如:
(对)that is my teacher. 那是我的教师。( that作主语,指人)?
(对)he is going to marry this girl. 他要和这个姑娘成婚。(this作限制词)
(错)he is going to marry this. (this作宾语时不能指人)
(对)i bought this. 我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语)
阐明2:
that和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能,一起,在作先行词时,只需those可指人,试比照:
(对) he admired that which looked beautiful. 他欣赏表面秀丽的东西。
(对) he admired those who looked beautiful. 他欣赏那些表面秀丽的人。(those指人)
(错) he admired that who danced well. (that作宾语时不能指人)
(对) he admired those who danced well. 他欣赏跳舞好的人。(those指人)
(对) he admired those which looked beautiful. 他欣赏那些表面秀丽的东西。(those指物)
10、 疑问代词?
1) 疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:
指 人: who, whom, whose
指 物: what
既可指人又可指物: which
2) 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的改变,除who之外也没有格的改变。what, which, whose还可作限制词。试比照:
疑问代词:whose are these books on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的?
what was the directional flow of u. s. territorial expansion??
美国的疆域扩展是朝哪个方向的?
限制词: whose books are these on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的?
what events led to most of the east of the mississippi river becoming part of the united states? 哪些作业使密西西比河以东的大有些土地归归于美国?
阐明1:
不管是做疑问代词仍是限制词,which 和 what 所指的规模不一样。what所指的规模是无限的,而which则指在必定的规模内,例如:
which girls do you like best??
你喜爱哪几个姑娘?
what girls do you like best??
你喜爱啥样的姑娘?
阐明2:
whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who替代,但在介词后只能用whom, 例如:
who(m) did you meet on the street?
你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)
who(m) are you taking the book to?
你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)
to whom did you speak on the campus?
你在学校里和谁说话了?(作介词宾语,置介词 后,不能用who替代。)
阐明3:
疑问代词用于对介词宾语发问时,曩昔的文体中介词和疑问代词一般一同放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句未,例如:
for what do most people live and work?
大有些人日子和作业的意图是啥?(旧文体)
what are you looking for?
你在找啥?(现代英语)
阐明4:
疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,例如:
i cant make out what he is driving at. ?
我不晓得他意图何在。
can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?
你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?
much of what you say i agree with, but i cannot go all the way with you.
你说的我大有些附和,但并不完全附和。
11、 联络代词?
1) 联络代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,一起在从句中作必定的语句成分,例如:the girl to whom i spoke is my cousin. 跟我说话的姑娘是我表妹。(该句中whom既代表先行词the girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。)
2) 联络代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限制性定语从句中,that 可指人也可指物,见表:
限制性 非限制性 限制性
指 人 指 物 指人或指物
主 格 who ? ? which ? ? ? ?that
宾 格 ? ?whom ?that ? ? ? ? ? ?that
属 格 ? ?whose ? ? ? ?of which/whose ?of which/whose?
例如:
this is the pencil whose point is broken.
这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。
(whose 指物,在限制性定语从句中作定语)
he came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书。
(which指物,在限制性定语从句中作宾语,可以省掉)
3) 联络代词which的先行词可所以一个语句,例如:
he said he saw me there, which was a lie.
他说在那儿看到了我,纯属鬼话。
阐明: 联络代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省掉, 例如:
ive forgotten much of the latin i once knew.
我曩昔懂拉丁语,如今大都忘了。
hes not the man he was.?
他改变很大,已不是曩昔的他了。
12、 every , no, all, both, neither, nor?
1)不定代词有
all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。
2) 不定代词的功用与用法
a. 除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词,也可用作描述词。every和no在句中只能作定语。
i have no idea about it.
b. all 都,指三者以上。
all 的主谓共同:all的单复数由它所润饰或指代的名词的单复数抉择。
all goes well. 悉数发展得极好。
all 一般不与可数名词奇数连用,如:不说 all the book,而说 the whole book。?
但all可与表时刻的可数名词奇数连用,如 all day,all night,all the year; 但习气上不说 all hour,all century。
all还可以与一些特别的奇数名词连用,如 all china, all the city, all my life, all the way
3) both 都,指两者。
a. both 与复数动词连用,但 both… and…可与奇数名词连用。
b. both, all 都可作同位语,其方位内行为动词前, be 动词之后。假定助动词或神态动词后边的实义动词省 去,则位于助动词或神态动词之前。
who can speak japanese? we both (all) can.
4) neither 两者都不
a. neither作主语时,谓语动词用奇数。
b. 作定语与奇数名词连用,但neither… nor 用作并排连词,可与复数名词连用。其谓语选用就近原则。
c. 可用于下列句型,避免重复。
she cant sing,neither (can) he.?
neither 与nor?
d. 如前句是不是定式从句,则主句用neither,而不必 nor。
if you dont do it,neither should i. 假定你不干,我也不干。
e. 如后接连有几个否定句式,则用nor,不必neither。
he cant sing,nor dance,nor skate.
13、 none, few, some, any, one, ones?
一、 none 无
1) none作主语,多与of 构成短语 none of。 在答语中,none可单独运用。 ?
are there any pictures on the wall? none.
2) none作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语,则其单复数与表语共同。
it is none of your business.
二、few 一些,少量?
few 作主语时,谓语动词用复数,多用于必定句。
三、some 一些
1) 可与复数名词及不可以数名词连用。
2) 作为解时,也可与奇数名词连用。(= a certain)
you will be sorry for this some day.
总有一天,你会后悔这件事的。
a certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.
某些人不附和你的观点。
留心:
(1)在必定疑问句顶用some替代any。
(2)some用于其他句式中:
a. 必定疑问句中:说话人认为对方的答案会是必定的,或期望得到必定答复时。
would you like句式中,表宛转恳求或主张,如:
would you like some coffee?
b. 在条件状语从句中标明断定的意义时,如:
if you need some help,let me know.
c. some位于主语有些,
some students havent been there before.
d. 当否定的是全体中的有些时,some可用于否定句。如:
i havent heard from some of my old friends these years.
这些年我没有收到一些老兄弟的信。
四、any 一些
1) any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。
当句中富含任何的意思时,any可用于必定句。
here are three novels. you may read any. 这有三本小说,你可任读一本。
五、one, ones 为复数方法
ones有必要和描述词连用。假定替代的名词时无描述词在前,则用some, any,而不?
用ones。
have you bought any rulers? yes,i ve bought some.
14、 代词比照辩异 one,that 和it?
one标明泛指,that和it 标明特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it 与所指名词为同一个。
i cant find my hat. i think i must buy one. (不定)
我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。
the hat you bought is bigger than that i bought. (同类但不一样个)
你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。
i can t know where i put it. ( 同一物)
我找不到我的帽子。我不晓得我把它放在哪了。
15、 one/another/the other?
one… the other 只需两个
some… the others 有三个以上
one… another,another…
some… others,others…
others = other people/things
the others = the rest 剩下的悉数
1) 泛指另一个用another。?
2) 必定规模内两人(物),一个用one,另一个用the other。
3) 必定规模内三者,一个用one,另一个用one (another),第三个可用the other,a third。
4) 必定规模内,除去一有些人/物,剩下的悉数用the others。
5) 泛指另外人或物时,用others当在必定规模内,除去一有些后,剩下有些但不是悉数时,也用others。
16、 “the”的妙用?
he is one of the students who
help me.
he is the one of the students who helps me.
他是帮我的学生之一。
第一句定语从句与the students 共同。
第二句定语从句与the one 共同。
17、 anyone/any one;no one/none;every/each??
1)anyone 和 any one?
anyone仅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。
2)no one 和none
a) none 后跟of短语,既可指人又可指物,而no one只单独运用,只指人。
b) none 作主语,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而no one作主语谓语动词只能是奇数。
none of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。
—- did any one call me up just now? –方才有人打电话给我吗?
—- no one. –没有。
3)every 和each
3.1 every 偏重全体的概念, each偏重个别概念。
every student in our school works hard. 咱们学校的学生都很吃苦。
each student may have one book.. 每个学生都可有一本书。
?
3.2 every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个),each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。
?
3.3 every 只作描述词,不可以单独运用。each可作代词或描述词。
every student has to take one.
each boy has to take one.
each of the boys has to take one.
3.4 every不可以以作状语,each可作状语。
3.5 every 有重复重复的意思,如 every two
weeks等; each没有。
3.6 every 与not 连用,标明有些否定; each 和not连用标明悉数否定。
every man is not honest. 并非每自个都诚笃。
each man is not honest. 这儿每自个都不诚笃。
18、 both, either, neither, all, any, none?
这些词都可用作代词或描述词。其方位都在be 动词之后,行为动词之前或第一助动词之后。
1) both (两者都),either(两者中任何一个), neither (两者都不)。以上词运用规模为两自个或物。
neither of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都不聪明。
2) both,either?
both与复数连用,either与奇数连用。
both the boys are clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。
either of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。
there are flowers on both sides of the street.
(两岸)
there are flowers on either side of the street.
(岸的两端)
路旁边长满了野花。
3) all (一切的,悉数的人或物),any (任何一个), none (都不)。 以上词运用规模为三者以上。
all the flowers are gone. 一切的花都谢了。
i dont like any of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜爱。
i like none of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜爱。
留心:all与none用法相同。跟奇数名词,用奇数动词;跟复数名词,用复数动词。
all of the students are there.
一切的学生都在那。
all (of) the milk is there. ?
一切的牛奶都在那。
19、many, much??
many,much都意为, many + 可数名词,much + 不可以数名词。
how many people are there at the meeting?
how much time has we left?
many of the workers were at the meeting.
much of the time was spent on learning.
20、 few, little, a few, a little?
?(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可以数名词
a few / a little 为必定意义,还有一点
few / little 为否定意义,没有多少了。
he has a few friends. 他有几个兄弟。
he has few friends. 他几乎没有兄弟。
we still have a little time. 咱们还有点时刻。
there is little time left.几乎没剩下啥时刻了。
典型例题:
although he s wealthy,he spends___ on clothes.
a. little b. few c. a little d. a few
答案: a. spend所指的是钱,不可以数,只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定意义,因而使用little标明几乎不。
固定分配:
only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
many books were sold.?
many a book was sold.?
卖出了许多书。